(1) Institutions are a major determinant of wealth and long-term growth [Hall and Jones (1999); Acemoglu, et.al (2001)]. #institusi
(2) Countries/regions that had better political and economic institutions in the past are richer today. #institusi
(3) A new measure of institutional quality: business regulations. #institusi
(4) Good institutions have 3 characteristics (Acemoglu): 1) Enforcements of property rights for a broad cross section of society, #institusi
(5) .. so that a variety of individuals have incentives to invest and to take part in economic life. #institusi
(6) 2) Constraints on the actions of elites, politicians, and other powerful groups, … #institusi
(7) ..so that these people cannot expropriate the incomes and investments of others or create a highly uneven playing field. #institusi
(8) 3) Some degree of equal opportunity for broad segments of society, so that individuals can make investments, … #institusi
(9) … especially in human capital, and participate in productive economic activities. #institusi
(10) Higher-order principles of sound economic management do not map into unique institutional arrangements, … #institusi
(11) .. there may be multiple ways of packing these principles into institutional arrangements. #institusi
(12) Different packages have different costs and benefits depending on prevailing political constraints, … #institusi
(13) .. levels of administrative competence, and market failures. #institusi
(14) Institusi pasar yg utuh mengandung empat pilar: Market creating, Market regulating, Market stabilizing, Market legitimizing. #institusi
(15) Market-creating institutions: protect property rights, and ensure that ontracts are enforced. #institusi
(16) Market-regulating institutions: regulatory bodies, other mechanisms for correcting market failures. #institusi
(17) market failures: externalities, economies of scale, and imperfect information. #institusi
(18) Market-stabilizing institutions: monetary n fiscal institutions to ensure low inflation, minimize macroecon volatility, .. #institusi
(19) .. and avert financial crisis; and institutions of prudential regulation and supervision. #institusi
(20) Provide social protection and insurance, involve redistribution. and manage conflict; and democracy. #institusi
(21) Off all human powers operating on the affairs of mankind, none is greater than that of competition —Henry Clay, 1832 #institusi
(22) Pasar itu pada dasarnya liar. Oleh karena itu, pasar dan persaingan harus dikendalikan. #institusi
(23) Pasar ibarat kuda liar. Makanya hrs dikendalikan.
(24) Dengan penegakan 4 pilar, maka bakal terwujud social welfare yang menghadirkan sense of justice dan sense of equity. #institusi
(25) Negeri ini butuh perubahan: dari reformasi ke transformasi institusi. Ini meminjam laporan Harvard yang baru diluncurkan. #institusi
(26) Dalam bentuk buku, diterbitkan oleh Kompas. Kebetulan saya mengikuti acara diskusi yg menampilkan pengarangnya. #institusi
(27) Negeri ini punya tradisi kelembagaan yg baik di masa lalu. Pernah miliki lapisan penegak hukum yg disegani & berintegratas. #institusi
(28) Pernah punya Jaksa Agung dan Kapolri yg hebat, Ketua MA yg hebat, hakim2 yg disegani dan terhormat, juga pengacara jempolan. #institusi
(29) Jadi, bkn mimpi kalau kt berharap muncul kembali lapisan penegak hukum yg berkualitas dan tegaknya keadilan lwt rule of law. #institusi
(30) Namun, penguasa di masa Bung Karno & tentara kala itu merusaknya. Demokrasi liberal berganti jd kediktatoran. Dua2nya jelek. #institusi
(31) Kekuatan-kekuatan perseorangan mengemuka. Terjadi personalisasi kekuasaan. Bahkan, privatisasi kekuasaan. #institusi
(32) Tranformasi kelembagaan mendesak agar institutional arrangement yg bersifat impersonal lbh kuat ketimbang individual power. #institusi
(33) Demokrasi tanpa kehadiran rule of law bakal membahayakan. Baca buku yg direkomendasikan @rizalshidiq. #institusi
(34) Markets require extensive regulation, why? 1)To minimize abuse of market power; 2) Internalize externalities; #institusi
(35) 3)Deal with information asymmetries; 4)Establish product & safety standards; 5)The financial sys must be free to take risks. #institusi
(36) 6) There must be enough competition to ensure static allocative efficiency. #institusi
(37) 7) Corporate governance regime must delineate the interests and prerogatives of shareholders and stakeholders. Maaf, sumber? #institusi
(38) Kian bsr peran diberikan pd psr, mkn bsr pl tuntutan bg adanya kerangka pengaturan (regulasi) yg jamin agar psr tdk anarkis. #institusi
(39) Jadi, tak masanya lagi pertentangkan pasar vs state. Yg perlu dikembangkan adalah collaborative model. #institusi
(40) North: institutional framework adl aturan main di suatu masy/batasan2 yg diciptakan manusia utk atur interaksi antarmanusia. #institusi
(41) Ia merupakan suatu btk entitas infrastruktur, krn dsr pembentukan struktur insentif dl interaksi sosial, politik & ekonomi. #institusi
(42) Semula kelembagaan ekon dianggap yg terpenting dlm pembangunan. Bukti empirik tunjukkan yg nonekonomi pun sangat penting. #institusi
Maaf, terlalu panjang. Terima kasih banyak sahabats telah menstimulasi. met pagi.
**
Buku-1 #institusi http://plixi.com/p/45831742
Buku-2 #institusi http://plixi.com/p/45831894
Buku-3 #institusi http://plixi.com/p/45832232
Buku-4 #institusi http://plixi.com/p/45832509
Buku-5: North. #institusi http://plixi.com/p/45842119
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